Energy conversion efficiency is measured by dividing the electrical output by the incident light power. Factors influencing output include spectral distribution, spatial distribution of power, temperature, and resistive load. standard 61215 is used to compare the performance of cells and is designed around standard (terrestrial, temperate) temperature and conditions (STC): of 1 kW/m , a spectral distribution close to solar radiation through AM () of 1.5.
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In , a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of , such as a (c-Si, silicium), used for of and, in , to manufacture . The wafer serves as the for devices built in and upon the wafer. It undergoes many processes, such as ,
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Crystalline silicon or (c-Si) is the forms of , either (poly-Si, consisting of small crystals), or (mono-Si, a ). Crystalline silicon is the dominant used in technology for the production of . These cells are assembled into as part of a to generate
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